| Biology : |
Plants with corms, but very diverse in vegetative and floral morphology; lowest leaves reduced to sheaths; main leaves 2-ranked, linear-lanceolate; upper leaves short, stem-clasping; flowering stem usually terminating the leafy shoot; flowers stalkless, each with a bract and bracteole; perianth often zygomorphic, cylindric or funnel-shaped; stamens arching on upper side of perianth; style arching like the stamens and as long; capsules leathery with globose usually winged seeds. |
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Bibliography for Tropical Africa :
- Énum. Pl. Fleurs Afr. Trop. 3: 89 (1995).
- GOLDBLATT, P. (1996). Gladiolus in Tropical Africa. Systematics, Biology &[and] Evolution. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 321 pp., 41 colour plates. [With maps.]
- Énum. Pl. Fleurs Afr. Trop. 4: 627 (1997).
- GOLDBLATT, P. & J.C. MANNING (1998). Gladiolus in southern Africa.
- VALENTE, L. M. & al. (2011). Explaining disparities in species richness between Mediterranean floristic regions: a case study in Gladiolus (Iridaceae) Global Ecology and Biogeography : 20: 881-892.
- Trop. Afr. Flow. Plants (Ecol. Distr.) 8: 132 (2014)
Bibliography for North Africa :
- Cat. Pl. Maroc 1: 147 (1931).
 - Fl. Algérie [Quézel & Santa] 1: 219 (1962).
- ALI, S. I., S. M. H. JAFRI & A. EL GADI (ed.) (1976). Flora of Libya.
- Fl. Eur. 5: 101 (1980).
- Fl. Tunisie [Pottier-Alapetite] : 235 (1981).
- VALDES, B., S. TALAVERA & E. FERNANDEZ-GALIANO (ed.) (1987). Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental, vol. 3 3: 489
- Dobignard, A. & C. Chatelain (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du Nord. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques Ville de Genève. hors-série. 1: 151
- VALENTE, L. M. & al. (2012). Did pollination shifts drive diversification in southern African Gladiolus ? Evaluating the model of pollinator-driven speciation. Amer. Naturalist : 180: 83-98.
Bibliography other :
- Tison J.M & C. Girod (2015). Snopsis du genre Gladiolus L. (Iridaceae) en France. J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 68: 69-75
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