In his Leçons sur l’homme (1865), Carl Vogt sought to prove the existence of separate and unequal human species. He thus contrasted the “German” with the “Negro” type which in his opinion are “almost at the two extremes of the series of human forms”. In response to this kind of inegalitarian writing, the Haitian Anténor Firmin published De l’égalité des races humaines (1885). He asserted that “men are everywhere endowed with the same qualities and the same failings, without any distinction of colour or anatomical shape”. C. Montebello